澳大利亚APVMA拟将限制使用农药百草枯和敌草快

百草枯（Paraquat）及其相关的双吡啶类除草剂敌草快（Diquat）自1997年12月2日起，被澳大利亚农药和兽药管理局（APVMA，前身为NRA）纳入现有化学品审查计划的第三轮计划表中。经过多年的细致审查，APVMA于上月底发布了关于这两种农药活性成分的最终评估报告和对应的监管决定草案，拟决定对百草枯和敌草快的大部分当前批准的应用场景进行限制使用，其中包括23种主要作物的催枯处理、蔬菜田、家庭园艺以及多数阔叶草的喷施场景和水生环境应用等诸多领域。

评审内容包括对活性成分批准、产品注册和标签批准的全面评估，目的在于明确百草枯和敌草快作为除草剂活性成分和相关最终用途产品：

在处理过程中，暴露给人员或使用含有其残留物的产品的人员，是否会构成不当的危害；
是否可能对人类产生有害的影响；
是否可能对动物、植物或其他物体及环境产生意外的有害影响；
是否会不当地影响澳大利亚与外国之间的贸易或商业；
使用效果是否符合使用说明书的规定。

具体评估方面包含毒理学评估，并重点考察了对神经毒性的潜在影响；工人健康与安全（OHS），残留物和贸易；标签说明；最大残留限量（MRLs）；环境安全问题，特别是喷雾飘移等问题。

图1 百草枯产品拟将被禁用的应用场景（部分）

Crop Use or Situation	Weeds controlled / Use	Application Method	Assessment outcome (risk area)
Bananas	Annual grasses and broadleaf weeds	Inter-row boomspray	Not supported (environment)
Fallows	Australian bindweed, barnyard grass, bladder ketmia, fleabane, sowthistle, turnip weed, yelllow vine (caltrop)	Optical spot spray technologies	Not supported (environment)
Firebreaks	Annual grasses and broadleaf weeds	Boomspray	Not supported (environment)
Firebreaks	Knock down weed growth to eliminate fire hazard or assist firebreak burn.	Boomspray	Not supported (environment)
Hay freezing (grass pasture dessication)	Maximum retention of protein in standing dry feed	Boomspray	Not supported (environment)
Hops	Annual grasses and broadleaf weeds	Inter-row spray	Not supported (environment)
Lucerne (Autumn / early winter)	Annual grass and some broadleaf weeds	Boomspray	Not supported (environment)
Lucerne (late winter / early spring)	Annual grass and some broadleaf weeds	Boomspray	Not supported (environment)
Non-agricultural situations (around sheds, roadways, paths)	Annual grasses and broadleaf weeds, columbus grass	Boomspray, spot spray	Not supported (environment)
Orchards, Vineyards	Annual grasses and broadleaf weeds	Spot spray, inter-row spray	Not supported (environment)
	Annual weed control
	Annual grasses and broadleaf weeds / annual weed control
Walnuts	annual grasses and broadleaf weeds	Boomspray	Not supported (environment)
Pasture (Kikuyu/paspalum)	To suppress growth to oversow winter seed	Boomspray	Not supported (environment)
Sugarcane - plant and ratoon	Most Seedling Broadleaf Weeds including Sicklepod (Senna (Cassia) obtusifolia), Bluetop (Ageratum houstonianum), Phyllanthus (Phyllanthus spp.), Calopo (Calapogonium muconoides)	Boomspray or directed interrow spray	Not supported (environment, residues [post-emergent boomspray])
Sugarcane - plant and ratoon	Most Seedling Grasses including Awnless Barnyard Grass (Echinochloa colona), Summer Grass (Digitaria ciliaris), Guinea Grass (Panicum maximum),Hamil Grass (Panicum maximum cv Hamil),Green Summer Grass (Brachiaria miliiformis)	Boomspray or directed interrow spray
Cotton	Desiccant to aid harvest	Boomspray	Not supported (environment, residues)

图2 敌草快产品拟将被禁用的应用场景（部分）

Crop	Weeds controlled/use	Application method	Assessment outcome (risk area)
Cotton (short stapled varieties only)	Pre-harvest crop desiccation	Boomspray	not supported (environment,residues)
Dry Beans		Boomspray	not supported (environment, residues)
Dry Peas		Boomspray	not supported (environment)
Lentils		Boomspray	not supported (environment)
Chickpeas		Boomspray	not supported (environment)
Faba Beans		Boomspray	not supported (environment)
Linseed		Boomspray	not supported (environment)
Lupins		Boomspray	not supported (environment)
Mung beans		Boomspray	not supported (environment)
Perennial legume seed crops (Lucerne)		Boomspray	not supported (environment)
Perennial legume seed crops (Red clover)		Boomspray	not supported (environment)
Perennial legume seed crops (White clover)		Boomspray	not supported (environment)
Pigeon peas		Boomspray	not supported (environment)
Poppies		Boomspray	not supported (environment)
Potato (Haulm desiccation)		Boomspray	not supported (environment)
Potato (Ground stored–preharvest weed control)		Boomspray	not supported (environment)
Canola (Rape)		Boomspray	not supported (environment)
Rice		Boomspray	not supported (environment, residues)
Sorghum		Boomspray	not supported (environment, residues)

自该提议发布之日起3个月内，澳大利亚农药和兽药管理局将接受并考虑公众对本提议的所有意见，以支持最终结论的科学评断和发布。

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